Diversity Of An Organization s Workforce - 944 Words

Diversity of an organization’s workforce and its efforts of taking affirmative steps to attract, develop, and retain diverse employees has become an essential component to business success. To influence managers to utilize every resource when attempting to enhance the cultural diversity in the work place as a â€Å"dynamic atmosphere of collaboration†. Supervisors want to see high standards of ethical behavior in the workplace. In turn, they must behave ethically themselves, exhibiting important dimensions of ethical behavior including loyalty, fairness and honesty with contribution to an environment that encourage ethical action. Code of ethics and an organization’s written statement of its values and rules for ethical behavior is good starting point for supervisor to meet the challenges to ethical behavior. Ethical standards can differ and meeting them can be challenging for those whom work with employees from other countries and cultures. Understanding cultur al differences helps businesspeople so that they can arrive at agreements that are acceptable on both sides. People from different cultures have different definitions of ethical or unethical behavior. The supervisors can promote ethical decision making by involving many employees while in the process, group members have greater opportunities to offer their thoughts on the situation and underlying values. Discussing ethical correctness of decisions helps the supervisor observe possible consequences whileShow MoreRelatedWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires aRead MoreDiversity in Workplace1483 Words   |  6 PagesDIVERSITY: GROWTH AND IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING Harpreet Singh City University ABSTRACT: As companies are becoming more and more diverse it s becoming more and more important for companies to understand and manage it. The people of different background, races, religion creates diverse workforce. There is an importance of having diverse workforce to provide better performance. There are perspectives of managing the diverse workforce, which require organization leaders and managersRead MoreDiversity Management1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Workplace diversity practices refer to efforts organizations engage in to provide an inclusive corporate culture that values differences and promotes opportunities for all employees. Traditionally, diversity programs have focused mostly on race and gender and other physical dimensions. However, today ¡Ã‚ ¦s definition of diversity covers a broad spectrum of individual and group differences ranging from work styles and generational perspectives to political and religious preferences.Read MoreHigh-Performance Teams1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthe impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior. This paper will illustrate how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance teams. High-Performance Teams A high-level of performance makes up the basis for groups and teams today. High-performance is a major focus for many organizations since group and teams have become more common among organizations. High-performance teams are teams that get together forRead MoreA Diverse Pool Of Skills With Fresh Ideas1645 Words   |  7 Pageswith fresh ideas and perspectives is one of the necessary ingredients to a company s future success. Working environment diversity is a standout amongst the most key components that any business and partnership must have and use. The United States is constantly changing and evolving as the past ways are just not same as today. A demographic shift has taken place and is projected to continue with increased diversity in our population. The various sorts of work environment differing qualities are whatRead MoreCulture And Diversity : An Instrumental Aspect Of The Business Environment Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive summary Culture and diversity has been an instrumental aspect of the business environment for a few decades now. While globalization is singled out as its enhancer, it is far from its inceptor. Managers have had to deal with diversity for years, through the contemporary environment has realized an influx in this particular phenomenon (Mor-Barak, 2011). In the contemporary business, environment has become more complex with the degree of diversity that is being witnessed. Managers have toRead MoreOrganizational Performance Within The Global Realm1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermining both the positive and negative aspects of organizational diversity success. These strides have led the efforts in discovering how to influence and hold the workforce differences while advancing the organization. The search has led to the agreement that one overwhelming organizational behavior will successfully move the bottom line faster and in a positive global direction. Devoting the appropriate assets to div ersity and diversity programs, the financial leaps will inevitably bring positiveRead Moreworkplace diversity paper1115 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Benefits of Workplace Diversity In the 21st century, workplace diversity has enhanced organization performances and communication skills which benefited the organizations to become successful businesses. Increasing adaptability in the workplace, having to value diversity, and executing more effectively are three benefits of workplace diversity. Organizations most definitely have the ability to embrace their workplace diversity by helping their employees realize the benefits that enhances the businessRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Business?1136 Words   |  5 Pagesof bringing diversity into the workforce. To be able to obtain knowledge and strength from others individual traits shows deep facets in character. These traits show when working with individuals of many cultures and backgrounds in the workplace. A leader who has this ability can handle everyone uniquely and ethically and is in tune with what differentiates one associate from the next. Once one has a grasp on who they are then can one expect to lead a diverse team. Many diversities include differentRead MoreSample Resume : Office Of Personnel Management1648 Words   |  7 Pagesrole is to create, sustain and develop high-performing workforce by leveraging diversity and empowering VA`s employees to achieve superior results in services, leadership and coaching to our Nation and its Veterans at large. The purpose of VA agency as it mission is to build a diverse workforce with inclusive workplace that delivers the best services to our Nation’s Veterans, their families, and beneficiaries. VA`s office of personnel management`s vision is to value professional hiring, develop effective

The Catcher and the Rye / Huckleberry Finn Essay - 1251 Words

The American Webster’s dictionary defines innocence as, â€Å"Freedom from harmfulness; inoffensiveness.† Although this definition is the one which is most commonly used, many authors tend to twist or stretch the meaning in order to fit the material to which it applies. For example, the way J.D Salinger applies innocence to his work is quite different from the way Mark Twain uses innocence. Innocence also changes accordingly with the time period. The definition of innocence is dynamic with respect to author and time period, as illustrated in The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Throughout history the concept of innocence in literature has been a topic in which author’s have held an†¦show more content†¦(Bloom 7) Salinger’s definition is apparent when looking at the novel The Catcher in the Rye with an analytical eye, because everyone who is capable of loving is either a child or an adult who is influenced by a child. In turn, the adults who are incapable of loving are defined by Holden Caulfield, the protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye, as phonies or prostitutes. (Bloom 7) Holden mentions in the novel the following, â€Å"Its Funny. You take adults, they look lousy when their asleep and they have their mouths way open, but kids don’t. Kids look all right.† (Salinger 159) This quote is a clear example of a stronger appreciation for the youth as opposed to the adults. After a comparison, Mark Twain’s definition of innocence is quite different. Twain defines innocence as the naà ¯ve mindset of children. His defini tion consists of a belief that because children don’t know, or understand something, they can’t question its validity and form opinions against it. Huck Finn’s spelling of â€Å"sivilization† is a pure example of this. Huck’s views and opinions towards civilization are shown through his spelling. He is naà ¯ve to what civilization really is, therefore he can not form an opinion against it. (Bloom 12) Twain’s use of innocence is merely symbolism. He uses a misspelled word to emphasize the ignorance of children; but, however ignorant they may be, their reason for being so is their innocence. A comparison of J.D Salinger’s works and those of Mark Twain,Show MoreRelatedReview Of The Catcher Rye And Huckleberry Finn 1497 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Combined Coursework: Comparative Essay The theme of rejection is highly predominant in both The Catcher in the Rye and Huckleberry Finn. Both plotlines constantly intertwine with the concept of dismissal from peers, family and society. Despite being set in eras nearing a century apart; these novels perfectly encapsulate conflicts within their cultures. Huckleberry Finn is set in the 1840’s – a time when slavery was still yet to be abolished in America’s southern states. Throughout theRead MoreEnglish, Analytical Essay, Catcher in the Rye and Huckleberry Finn1507 Words   |  7 PagesHuckleberry Finn and The Catcher in the Rye essay The novels ‘The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn’ and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ are both set in times where the expectations of society differed from the ones of today. Huckleberry Finn is set in the late 1800s, pre USA civil war and in a time where slavery was an accepted occurrence and the escape of a slave was seen as legally and morally wrong. This was also a time in which church attendance and education were seen as tokens of respectability. ARead MoreThe Search for Self in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Catcher in the Rye1982 Words   |  8 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn and Catcher in the Rye Everyone wants to know who they are, and why they were put here. People often wonder about their futures and what kind of person they really are. In the novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Catcher in the Rye, both of the protagonists, despite the different settings, the other characters, their restrictions and the different people that they are, are searching for the same thing - themselves. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a timelessRead MoreThe Revolutionary Novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain1533 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is one of the most controversial pieces of American literature; loved by many but detested as well. It is arguably one of the most important bildungsroman, and one of the first modern pieces of literature. The novel addresses issues such as slavery, racism, religion, and social consciousness, in a way that no one could write about it, except Mark Twain. Not only does it address these issues, it also satirizes them, which is what makesRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Huckleberry Finn And Holden Caulfield771 Words   |  4 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger are arguably two of the most popular American novels. Both novels have withstood the test of time through their timeless themes and rela table characters. Their protagonists, Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield, are memorable and unique with their own distinctive personality traits. Due to each characters originality, it is interesting to note the similarities and differences between them. Huckleberry Finn and HoldenRead MoreComparison Of The Rye And The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 2528 Words   |  11 PagesTHE BENEFITS OF SUFFERING IN THE CATCHER IN THE RYE AND THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, J.D. Salinger and Mark Twain respectively, narrate the process of self-discovery of a young male protagonist. The Catcher in the Rye takes place sometime in the 1950s. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, narrates his departure from his private school, Pencey Prep. Holden represents a typical high school dropout: he does not try hard in school, andRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger944 Words   |  4 PagesMany people have different aspects and impressions on a teenager’s life. Some say society is the problem for their misbehaviours while others say it is the child who is responsible. Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger tells a story of a teenage boy named Holden Caulfield who gets kicked out from school to school. He never pushed himself in academics or anything and ended up failing, at most, everything. He re-tells what happened to him in New York after he got kicked out of Pencey Prep and secretlyRea d MoreRespect The Elderly By Mark Twain1565 Words   |  7 Pageselderly. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one hundred and thirty years old, yet unfailingly manages to fascinate, infuriate, and inspire its readership. The novel rests on many a bookshelf and regularly appears on lists of literary legends- though it is equally likely to top a list of controversial and profane works. Certainly, there is no other book in the oeuvre of Mark Twain that commands attention more deservedly than Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the decided championRead MoreThe Characterization Of Bildungsroman In The Catcher In The Rye1400 Words   |  6 PagesDevice). In The Catcher In The Rye, the author creates a successful bildungsroman through the characterization of the novels protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses a jarred voice filled with cynicism and the overall tone is clearly depressing. The conflict between Holden and the values of society(B ildungsroman: A Literary Device) is quite clear as he believes that the world of an adult is filled with pain and disappointment. In The Catcher In The Rye, the methods of characterizationRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1987 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough there are many intriguing pieces of literary in American History, two of the most influential novels are Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Almost ironically, the main characters of both of these novels are shockingly similar. Since these pieces have been published there has been a lot of discussion about how the two novels are related even though they were written in two completely different time periods. Very famous writers crafted

What Is Nature Or What It - 1491 Words

What is nature? The answer to that question is different on not only a cultural basis but also on a person-to-person basis. When many people are confronted with people of different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject they often have the desire to conform that person’s options to their own. This creates a binary way of thinking. You either agree or disagree. This binary really is not affective however especially when discussing the topic of what is nature or what is natural. We all have different connotations attached to the word nature. None of these connotations are wrong they are just different. They are a product of our religion, our biology, and the experiences of our life. There have been many interesting pieces of writing that have ether directly or indirectly defined nature to us what nature is. Whether it is an acenet story passed down though oral tradition through out generations or modern writing, we have always looked to define nature not just for ourselves but for others around us. Take the Salinan Indian Creation Story for instance. Most creation stories explain the world as being created by a male human like figure. This is not the case however for the Salinan people. They believe that they were created by a bald eagle. This bald eagle with the help of a coyote gave man life (The American Yawp Reader). This singular variation in their creation story arguably has completely made their relationship with the natural world different from that of forShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Nature Or What It?1480 Words    |  6 Pages What is nature? The answer to that question is unique not only on a cultural basis but also unique to every person. When many people are confronted with different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject, they often have the desire to conform that person’s opinions to their own. This creates a binary way of thinking. You either agree or disagree. This binary really is not effective, however, when discussing the topic of what is nature or what is natural because it is not a question that hasRead MoreWhat Is Human Nature?1735 Words   |  7 Pageswanted to know all about universal human nature, such as why all human beings are alike. Secondly, out of the Enlightenment, we have an intellectual ability to understand the world through science. Defined, science is an empirical methodology in which accurate descriptive data is logically analyzed, resulting in defensible, logical conclusions. The dilemma with answering the question, â€Å"What is human nature?†, was tha t our gathered information on human nature at the time was inadequate to our set purposeRead MoreWhat Is Human Nature?2010 Words   |  9 PagesIntro: What is human nature? Recently I heard the story of Edd, a man who begin therapy after being found on a kitchen floor with a knife, several vicious wounds, and no knowledge of how he got there. In his first therapy session the therapist asked about family and medical history, and finally life events leading up to the â€Å"kitchen incident,† as Edd termed it. After Edd filled him in on his struggle with depression and suicide and explained the â€Å"kitchen incident,† The therapist exclaimed, â€Å"You’reRead MoreWhat Defines The Law Of Nature? Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesJulie Barba Mrs. Yennie Comp/Lit 4 March 2015 Identity Thieves What defines the law of nature? Our genetic makeup is what makes us individual from others, an unplanned decision that no one had control over; it was a decision dictated by nature. This scenario is the concept of the law of nature, something made by nature that cannot be influenced or changed by man. In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that human DNA cannot be patented but synthetic DNA (cDNA) is patent eligible because it is artificiallyRead MoreWhat Is The Competitive Nature Of Productivity?874 Words   |  4 PagesThe competitive nature of global enterprise drives firms to produce high quality goods and services and pushes them to offer these goods and services at a fair market value price. From time to time, one concern that is overlooked is the long run growth of firms’ production possibilities, which can be driven by advancements in technology, investment in capital stock, and the daily projection of human capital frontiers, to name a few (Stiroh). However, productivity , an amount of output per hour ofRead MoreAnalysis Of What Nature Suffers To Groe1124 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What Nature Suffers to Groe† by Mart A. Stewart is a historical nonfiction book that describes the geography, nature, and hardships of the life and landscape in the colony of Georgia when it was first settled. Chapter one, titled â€Å"The Georgia Plan† describes how Georgia was colonized so those in the overcrowded debtor’s prisons in England had a place to go and work. Chapter one also talks about the influence of the Native Americans in Georgia the Spanish around them. Chapter two, â€Å"The InhabitedRead MoreWhat Is Revealed About Human Nature941 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is revealed about human nature (from Gen 1-2)? In Genesis one and two, it provides a full understanding of God’s creations and wisdom of human nature because it is free from evil. Human nature is revealed from Genesis one with God creating the Earth and the Heavens and creating the man of his likeness. The Bible explains how God created Adam, from dust and was placed in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:7). The Bible explains humanity was created to work and serve (Genesis 2:15). SubsequentlyRead MoreWhat We Learn: Nature or Nurture1150 Words   |  5 Pagestherapist becomes a second person view point of a book that merely uses reflective speech to guide the person by stating what the person is already saying thus instructing them to be their own guide. While acting as this second eye view, thats like a mirror of the persons own cognitions, the therapist uses genuineness by throughly hearing what the person is saying and genuinely applies what the therapist perceives towards the persons self-fulfillment, otherwise giving insight in a self confident way. ThroughRead MoreWhat Is Knowledge? : Nature Of Belief, Justification And Truth Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pages The topic, â€Å"What is knowledge?† can be taken many ways. Knowledge is a justified belief, one that is different opinion. Knowledge is the basis to which beliefs are known, whereas an opinion is a belief which is not known. Unit III A focuses on the etymology of the word knowledge which is defined as the study of epistemology. Philosophy finds its â€Å"true beginning† from the study of epistemology. To have knowledge means to find an equal ground between true beliefs and justified beliefs. For the basisRead MoreWhat Are The Rights A Person Has, Their Nature And Their Sources? Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pages Professor Michael Izady Midterm Faisal M Al Jawhary Pace University What are the rights a person has, their nature and their sources? 1. First describe and name all the rights that you as a person/human being have. (a. natural, b. social contractual, c. legal, d. religious, and e. filial rights). their sources and what types of rights supersede others and why. The way of humanity to the modern understanding of human rights was long. The core element of a legal status of human

Chapter 19-Enduring Vision Essay - 669 Words

Chapter 19 Key Terms: New vs Old Immigrants: The old immigrants be from da NW Europe. English speaking Protestant countries such as: Ireland, Germany, DA BRITISH, and ze Welsh. Da old protestants were willing to assimilate in the culture and peoples. The new immigrants are SE Europe. Non- english, more religions such as Catholics and Jews. They were from countries such as: Italy, Poland, da Slovs, Greek, Croatians,DA COMMUNISTS jk the Russians. The new immigrants didn’t plan on staying permanently. They planned on making money then going back. Push and Pull Factors: Push-bad economy, famine, overpopulation, depression, religious persecution. Pull-wide range of jobs/good wages, religious freedom, cheap passage(steerage)†¦show more content†¦Ads and Department Stores: put up ads for good stuff with low prices; physical/mental relief from everyday lives. marketplace for upper classes and jobs for lower/middle classes. Social clubs for middle and upper class women Sports, leisure activities, amusement parks: Baseball (popular for middle and working class, discriminated against blacks) Boxing (popular among the wealthy) football for colleges. Amusement parks, physical release from women and men’s everyday life. New Education: farther away from religion, closer to theories and practical subjects. It opened up new schools for women and more about liberal arts. More medicine related schools, law schools, public schools, kindergarten, schools funded by philanthropists. Pubs/Saloons: Place for men to relax and for immigrants to gossip ( go sip dere). Masculine gossip circles. :P politics and shtoof. Reinforced group identity and saloon keepers would write letters for the immigrants and turn out votes. Vaudeville: a series of acts, included stunts, musical acts, satire, and skits. Racist against blacks(made fun of them). Designed for mass appreciation and was psychological relief. Ragtime: Basically jazz...whites didn’t like it because the music was too liberal and romance related. People associated are: Scott Joplin, Jelly Roll Morton, and Eubie Blake. Realism and Naturalism: Realism focused on truthful depiction of the commonplace Naturalism:Show MoreRelatedMillerite Movement in the Second Great Awakening of American History1547 Words   |  7 Pageslacto-ovo vegetarians which means the avoidance of animal products with the exception of dairy. Ellen G. White, the church’s prophet, encourages a completely vegan diet for optimum health.[12] BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Boyer, Paul S.. Chapter 10. In The enduring vision: a history of the American people. 7th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. 232-236. 2. Foner, Eric. market revolution. American History. http://www.americanhistory.abc-clio.com (accessed November 15, 2012). 3. Smith, Timothy LawrenceRead MoreThe Mis Education Of The Negro787 Words   |  4 Pagesof people of color. One such issue and summary discussed, is the disdain the learned African American develops for his fellow less formally educated African American brother, for himself, and for life in general because â€Å"he has been estranged by a vision of ideals†¦he can not attain† (6). He must exist in a social body that he must not associate with socially, and yet has no alternative. The self-hate that is taught, creates dissonance and discord in the life of the educated African American (1-8)Read MoreThe Vision, Mission, And Statement Of Values For Coca Cola Company1366 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction Let’s start the assignment with a brief story of Coca Cola which will be the main topic for this subject. This assignment will analyse the vision, mission, and statement of values for Coca Cola Company. 2. BACKGROUND â€Å"IT’S THE REAL THING’’, was the new slogan The Coca Cola Company and its advertising agency replaced â€Å"Things Go Better With Coke†, in 1969.It was one of the most advertisement ever made. The Coca Cola Company is the largest beverage company in the world which ownRead MoreCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1405 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1 WHAT IS STRATEGY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? 1. Understand why every company needs a sound strategy to compete successfully, manage the conduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances andRead MoreCrafting and Executing Startegy (Chapter 1)1398 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1 WHAT IS STRATEGY AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? 1. Understand why every company needs a sound strategy to compete successfully, manage the conduct of its business, and strengthen its prospects for long-term success. 2. Develop an awareness of the four most dependable strategic approaches for setting a company apart from rivals and winning a sustainable competitive advantage. 3. Understand that a company’s strategy tends to evolve over time because of changing circumstances and ongoing managementRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1890 Words   |  8 Pagestwo men that one measures Dorian’s place on the scale of morality. Brief moments when Dorian opposes Henry’s slick and sardonic notions of selfish sin serve to accentuate the lingering purity that still resides in Dorian’s soul. For instance, in Chapter 6 of the book, Henry, Dorian, and Basil are having a dinner together and discussing women, their effect, and their value. Henry gripes that women treat men â€Å"like gods,† for they worship men and yet always want something from them. Dorian, quite contraryRead MoreStrategy Communication Marriott International4799 Words   |  20 Pagesconclusion after analyzing all the facts which are relevant for this report is that the Marriott is a wonderful company whereby the employees are the basis of their success. The current differentiation strategy of Marriott fits with their mission and vision and is implemented successfully throughout th e organization. After conducting research via various models it can be concluded that there is no need to develop a new strategy, since they do reach all their goals with the current strategy. Read MoreStrategic Management5123 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 The Nature of Strategic Management True/False Introduction 1. The underpinnings of strategic management hinge on managers gaining an understanding of competitors, markets, prices, suppliers, distributors, governments, creditors, shareholders and customers worldwide. Ans: T Page: 4 2. 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Sample on Ethical Dilemmas Faced By Coca Cola In Market

Question: Discuss about Ethical dilemmas faced by Coca Cola in this current market. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemma is a common trait found in the business organization and this has the clear linkage with moral dilemmas. The perfect world of business includes the right thing, but the ethical dilemmas have become much prominent in this complex world of business. According to Van Auken (2016), the ethical dilemmas lead the human being to undertake the wrong decisions due to the difficulties. More specifically, the ethical dilemma arises when a person has to differentiate between the moral and the immoral act. The personal temptation is one of the significant ways to improve such ethical dilemmas (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). It is necessary to find the conscience while undertaking any important decision based on some of the crucial aspects in business. Many of the organizations face diversified forms of ethical dilemmas, which create the significant impact on organizational reputation as well as the business practices. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to focus on the ethical dilemmas faced by Coca Cola in this current market. The news of ethical corruptions against the business practices of Coca Cola has created the buzz both in social life and in the business market. The study will be focusing on such ethical dilemma found in the external and the internal organizational scenario of Coca Cola. The study will also be associated with the theoretical concept based on the ethical dilemma that has been influencing the managerial practices in Coca Cola. The assimilation of these segments would be concluding the study at the end. Background of the Organization Coca Cola has been capturing the largest position in the beverage market with the largest distribution system all over the world. This position is allowing the company to serve almost one billion products to the customers worldwide and introducing new flavors as well as promoting other brands. In keeping concentration on the marketing strategy undertaken by Coca Cola, it is seen that the company has been promoting the world famous brands like Fanta, Coke, Diet Coke, and Sprite (Icmrindia.org. 2016). Such of these marketing strategies have been influencing the strengthened customer relationship aspects, which are the keys to get the business opportunities for the company. The establishment of such effective customer relationship is therefore serving as the major driving force for acquiring the customer base. The recognizable competition between Pepsi and Coca Cola has been holding the dominant share of the soft drink market worldwide (Standard.co.uk, 2013). In order to expand the busi ness, the company has been focusing on growing the share market across the United States. In fact, the internationalization strategy is also much commendable for the future growth. The major goal of the company is to increase the market share in the international market. However, it is to be stated that due to the direct competition with Pepsi, Coca Cola has been concentrating on the innovative organizational practices to ensure the sustainability in this market. Therefore, it is seen that the company is getting involved with several unethical business practices that are harmful for the business. Generating more benefits within a short span of time is forcing the managers take several ethical discrepancies that have been broadcasted to the news channels. The study will be specifying some of these ethical dilemmas featured in the managerial practices and accordingly some of the theoretical perspectives will be analyzed. Ethical Dilemma Coca Cola is considered as the most valuable beverage brand in the international market. More specifically, the company has captured the significant position among the companies, which are always visible in the news. The company even got the effective opportunity to present their skilful performance in the business market. However, besides achieving such significant position in the business market, Coca Cola has been even facing some of the ethical issues in the recent times (Icmrindia.org. 2016). It has been seen that the leadership changes in last few years is inviting the ethical challenges in a very prominent manner. It is to be seen, the managerial practices involved with the ethical issues like misinterpretation, disrupting long term contract-based agreements, and racial discrimination. It is to be noted that Coca Cola has been in news for quite a long time due to their ethical business practices. Due to such ethical and legal issues the stock price of the company remains the s ame what it used to be few years back. One of the most critical ethical issues was found when many of the people fell ill after drinking Coke and other soft drinks of Coca Cola. The incident caused the huge loss of the company reputation and people lost the respect for the company. Many of the investors started selling their stocks in Coca Cola. The issue became hazardous when the managers remained unresponsive towards the questions of the media (Icmrindia.org. 2016). However, when they completed the entire research and found the root cause of such problem, they decided to announce it publically. However, the time was too late to be broadcasted, as media found it too slow to make any story about Coca Cola. Even though the company is much focused on maintaining the corporate social responsibilities as well as the ethical concerns, the incidents created the negative impact on the organizational reputation (DiStaso Bortree, 2014). Unresponsiveness is one of the major mistakes that the managers would commit to maintain their reputation. It may create the reverse effects in the situational crisis. However, after such situation, the managerial practices of Coca Cola got involved with another unethical concern (Standard.co.uk, 2013). The agreement signed with the European countries was actually based on the anti-trust laws, which affected the management in a very significant manner. The overaggressive attitude towards dealing with the French company was the major issue for the company (Strandvik et al. 2013). Moreover, the foreign countries did not appreciate their strong-arm tactics, which crossed the limits of discrepancies for achieving the competitive advantage. The legal case against Coca Cola was presented to the court and the company even proved to be the looser in this case. Apart from these unethical issues, some of the allegations regarding the racial discrimination, falsified market tests, inflated earnings, and distributors were put against Coca Cola. Theoretical Perspective of Managerial Ethics According to Hair Jr et al. (2015), the ethical concern is an area that helps the business companies to grow and is considered as the science of human concerns. The managers of the company have to maintain the responsibility to educate the employees these business ethics that is necessary for the business sustainability. On the other hand, Cavusgil et al. (2014) argued that some of the managerial practices may create the hazardous scenario for the company, which affect the sustainability management. However, in considering the theoretical perspectives, the managerial ethics are divided into different classifications. Some of these categories are Utilitarian theory, Principle of Rights, ethics of care, and Aristotles Virtue Ethics. In this section of the study, the description of these theories would be analyzed. Utilitarian Theory: According to Black (2015), the utilitarian theory is based on several principles. It is to be noted that the utilitarian theory has been specifying the ethical actions that prove less harm for the individual by considering the good outcomes. The judgments related to this ethical concern, as mentioned in this theory, is always depending on the analysis of the cost benefits. In such cases, the focuses are needed to be on the actions to get the best outcome instead of focusing on the ways of achieving the results. Similarly, the managers of Coca Cola need to concentrate on the organizational activities and the ethical practices by providing the effective products to the customers that are less harmful for their lives. The utilitarian includes the good or the bad consequences while making any organizational decision. The actions depend either on the after performance or during the performance time (Alon et al. 2013). It is to be indicated that the Utilitarian does not deal with the moral issues. The actions performed during such phase are being judged whether it is right or wrong. Hence, the focus on the dependable consequences is essential during the application of the utilitarian theory. This normative ethics theory is generally maximizing the utility, which is a form of making the individual happy or unhappy (Sheng, 2012). In case of Coca Cola business ethics, it has been seen that the managerial practices are involved with racial discrimination. The internal employees have been facing such scenario, which is affecting their performance attributes. Moreover, the unethical behavior related to their business dealings and the falsified market tests are also going against the utilitarian theory. Principle of Rights: The Principle of Justice is also termed as Categorical Imperative. In specifying such theory, it can be stated that the ethical actions of the managers are needed to be based on the moral rights that influence the organizational practices. In this area, the right has got the entitlement that intends to protect the interests perceived by others. The managers need to be more conscious about their action before taking it. If the actions are justified and appreciated by the others, it would turn out to be beneficial for the company itself. The aggressive behavior of the managers to achieve the competitive advantage can sometimes is too risky, which may affect the organizational reputation in case of failure. Ethics of Care: As opined by Stathopoulou Balabanis (2014), the principles of ethics of care usually deal with the morally correct actions, which serve care and concerns to the other individuals. The moral obligations of a person are usually focusing on the care they have been receiving from any particular source rather than following the impartial principles. The application of such theory is quite effective for the managers within an organization, as it helps in building the transparent relationships with their stakeholders. In case of Coca Cola, the managers need to be much attentive towards the cares provided to their stakeholders. Especially, in time of the situational crises, the managers are needed to be responsive to manage the reputation of the company (Jones Felps, 2013). More specifically, both the internal and external stakeholders thus get the assurance from the managers, which make them feel secure to deal with this company in future. Virtue Ethics: The specification of virtue ethics is including different approaches, which have been making the theory much confusing to understand. The very first approach to ethics is considering the theoretical orientation, which is pointing out the dispositional characteristics or attributes (Van Hooft, 2014). These traits are praiseworthy in general and perform the particular role. Furthermore, the formulation of virtue ethics is stated as a systematic formulation of the traits of character that make human behavior praiseworthy or blameworthy (Winter, 2013). It generally means, if any character trait can be beneficial for an individual, it will be appreciated and similarly, if it is harmful for others, it will be blamed. However, the second approach to virtue ethics is highlighting the virtuous significance as well as the practical wisdom. According to Donnelly (2013), practical wisdom generally refers to describe ones capability of selecting the patterns of desirable actions. T he patterns usually have been concentrating on the engaged habits of emotional experiences or virtues. However, such of these patterns of actions are also analyzing the in-depth experiences in the social life. Hence, it is important for the business companies to keep the concentration on the moral values in order to maintain the corporate social responsibilities. Theory of Moral Behavior: In discussing the theoretical perspectives based on the business ethics, the development theory of moral behavior is also very much significant. The famous psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg developed the Jean Piagets theory of moral reasoning. As per this theory specification, it is to be indicated that the morality starts from the childhood times and this can be affected by diversified reasons. Barnes et al. (2015) suggested that morality can be developed in both positive and negative ways. Mostly it depends on the individual who can use several ways to accomplish the goals during the moral development of his life (Opp, 2013). However, while elaborating the theory of moral development, it can be stated that the theory suggests of diversified levels or stages. The first level is dealing with the pre-conventional morality, which have been focusing on different stages. The second level is dealing with conventional morality, which includes two different stages, su ch as interpersonal relationship phases and law and order orientation phases. The third level is dealing with the post-conventional morality, which includes the social contract orientation and universal ethical principle orientation. These stages are explained further: Stage 1: Punishment- Obedience Orientation: This particular stage is concerned with the punishments provided to people after refraining from their performance (Jayawickreme et al. 2014). People in this stage start obeying the rules since they know if the rules are not being followed, they can be penalized. Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation: In this particular stage, the judge of morality is based on the actions, which have been satisfying the needs of the people. The theory of Kohlberg is considering such actions engaged with the moral rights due to the serious needs of the order. Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationship Phases: In this particular stage, the action is judged in keeping focus on the societal roles (Grappi et al. 2013). The interpersonal relationship has been highlighted in this particular stage, which has the significant impact on people from the very childhood. Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation: This particular stage is conveying respect to the authority by following rules, norms, and responsibilities. In this particular stage, the major concern is society. The focus on the responsibilities towards the society is the most required criteria in such aspect. Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: The stage has been dealing with the particular focus on the values and opinions received from diversified people (Hoffman et al. 2014). It is to be noted that this particular decision has to be depended on the morality of actions. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation: The last and final stage of this particular stage is depended on the universally accepted ethical principles. In some of the cases, the judgment may cause the violations or breaching of laws since the person is much focused on the self-principles of justice. Stakeholder Theory: The business ethics and the organizational management have been addressing another fruitful theory, which is termed as stakeholders theory. This particular theory is mainly promoting the moral values, which are essential for managing the organizational practices. As per this theory specification, it has been implied that the organization needs to provide the stakeholders as much value as possible in order to achieve the sustainable business position (Shaw, 2016). The executives have to be much concentrated on the key stakeholders both internal and external. The framework of the stakeholders management is provided further: Figure 1: Business Stakeholders It is to be indicated that the stakeholders are the major assets for a company. The influence of the stakeholders ensures the sustainability of the company. The group of stakeholders is divided into two different classifications, such as internal stakeholders and the external stakeholders. The internal stakeholders are the people who are associated with the internal business practices. These internal stakeholders are the investors, employees, and the business partners. The company has to be much concerned about the internal business practices. The help of the internal stakeholders, the business practices will be skilful to provide the recognizable benefits to the external stakeholders (Harrison Wicks, 2013). The external stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, media, and government are needed to be satisfied with the skilful business approaches. More specifically, the business ethics should be based on the fulfillment of customers requirements. In case of Coca Cola, the allegati ons are much focused on the unethical business practices that are harmful for both the internal and the external stakeholders (Verbeke Tung, 2013). Hence, the management of the stakeholders approaches is essentially needed for the future existence of the company. Role of leadership in ethical decision making It is to be noted that the role of the leadership attributes on the ethical decision making process is much significant. The different typologies of the leadership attributes have been concerning the different types of the decision-making process. For example, the authoritarian leaders assume that their decisions and the way of working are the best practices for facilitating progress in the organizational context. On the other hand, the democratic leaders usually gather the responses form the other associates to make any ethical decisions. In case of the autocratic leaders, it has been seen that the decisions are based on the one consequence, which may even harm the other sectors of the business. Similarly, the suggestions derived from the other associates are based on the different segments of the business practices. Hence, usually it has been seen that the autocratic decisions are mostly involved with diversified ethical dilemmas whereas there is the complete chance of the democrat ic decision to be fair and fruitful. However, as suggested by (), the major focus should be fixed on the code of conduct in undertaking any relevant decision regarding the business practices. The fixation of the aim at the code of conduct can make any of the decisions fruitful by eliminating the unethical business practices. Conclusion The study has been featuring the different allegations against the Coca Cola regarding their unethical behavior in last few years. The issues specifications have been concerning the different moral values that are essential for the business sustainability. The theoretical perspectives have been analyzing the stakeholders approaches, utilitarianism, justice forms, and character virtues that have been associated with the business practices. It is to be noted that the maintenance of the ethical concerns while dealing with the internal and stakeholders is the major driving force for the long term sustainability of the company. The effects of the managerial leadership attributes are also focusing on the code of conduct, which is necessary for the business companies. The managers of Coca Cola thus need to be focus on such essentials to make the future progress. References Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Vianelli, D. (2013).Global marketing: contemporary theory, practice, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, c2013. xxi, 602 pages: illustrations, maps; 26 cm. Barnes, M., Conradi, E., Vosman, F. (2015). Deliberation and Transformation from the Ethics of Care.Ethics and Social Welfare,9(2), 109-112 Black, S. (2015). CEOs and Top Leaders: Solutions to Solve Ethical Dilemmas and Decision Making. In5th International Conference on Engaged Management Scholarship: Baltimore, Maryland. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. DiStaso, M. W., Bortree, D. S. (2014).Ethical practice of social media in public relations. Routledge. Donnelly, J. 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Virtuous states and virtuous traits: How the empirical evidence regarding the existance of broad traits saves virtue ethics from the situationist critique.Theory and Research in Education,. Jones, T. M., Felps, W. (2013). Stakeholder happiness enhancement: A neo-utilitarian objective for the modern corporation.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(03), 349-379. Opp, K. D. (2013). Norms and rationality. Is moral behavior a form of rational action?.Theory and decision,74(3), 383-409. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Shaw, W. (2016).Business ethics: A textbook with cases. Cengage Learning. Sheng, C. L. (2012).A new approach to utilitarianism: A unified utilitarian theory and its application to distributive justice(Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Standard.co.uk, (2013). Mars, Coca-Cola and other big brands 'failing ethical standards'. Stathopoulou, A., Balabanis, G. (2014). Extended theory of planned behaviour in service relationships: hedonic and utilitarian services. In2014 Global Marketing Conference at Singapore(pp. 2036-2037). Strandvik, T., Rindell, A., Wiln, K. (2013). Ethical consumers' brand avoidance.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(7), 484-490. Van Auken, S. (2016). Assessing the role of business faculty values and background in the recognition of an ethical dilemma.Journal of Education for Business,91(4), 211-218. Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge Verbeke, A., Tung, V. (2013). The future of stakeholder management theory: A temporal perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,112(3), 529-543 Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Winter, L. B. (2013). The role of the proportionality principle in cross-border investigations involving fundamental rights. 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Motivation Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Motivation Issues in Management and Organisational Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Competition, globalization and complexity are the three key words that are enough to define current situation of todays global business environment(Fox, 2007). Companies enter the market, attain growth and suddenly vanish as they are unable to sustain their competitive advantage and satisfy rapidly changing market behaviors. Organizations that are able to survive these changes have few things in common, they know where they are competing, what exactly they need to offer to satisfy consumer needs, what resources and competencies they have to attain competitive advantage and how they are going to retain they growth and competitive advantage(Mullins, 2011). To sustain in a fiercely competitive business environment organizations must ensure that their assets, skills and competencies are upgraded on a timely basis. Apart from other tangible and intangible assets possesses by an organization, its people or the human resources are the most precious assets and it is important to invest enoug h time and money to ensure this asset is effectively upgraded, motivated and engaged to deliver high performance, commitment and contribution towards organizational goals(Kitchin, 2010). Organizations should not only possess the ability to attract and retain competent employees, but also motivate and engage them in a way they get emotionally attached to their work and the organization. Employee motivation is the biggest challenge facing employers across the globe as it is directly linked to performance and productivity at workplace(Stickland, 2002). Motivated employees tend to deliver high performance and productivity which in turn help organization achieve their goals and objectives. Employee engagement and motivation shares a very unique relationship wherein high employee motivation leads to effective employee engagement and employees that are effectively engaged experience high motivation. Employee engagement is the extent to which an employee enjoys and believes in what he is doing and feels valued for doing it(Albdour Altarawneh, 2014). It is the key to organizational success as it leads to high commitment and contribution to organizational goals and objectives . This report aims at evaluating the use of key motivational theories in enhancing employee engagement. Real world examples are studied to get an in-depth understanding of the practical application of these motivational theories to increasing employee engagement within the organization. Motivation and Employee Engagement The term motivation is used to define the inward force within a person of the need which influences a persons behavior and make them act in a specific, goal-oriented manner(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Motivation plays a very vital role in determining the way people behave in their personal and professional lives with other people around them. It determines their attitude and perception towards things, work and individuals around them. The level of employee motivation determine their level of productivity and performance, thus one of the managements most complex task is to ensure that employee motivation is effectively channelized in a direction that leads to achievement of organizational goals and objectives(Macey Schneider, 2008). Employee motivation plays a very crucial role in employee engagement which in turn leads to job satisfaction and commitment towards the success of organization. Employees whose needs and motives are being satisfied in an effective manner develop a positive perception towards their work and organization. They start enjoying their work and derive a sense of meaningfulness and importance and thus are effectively engaged. Employee engagement helps organizations in sustaining their competitive advantage and lowering absenteeism and employee turnover(Susi.S Jawaharrani.K, 2011).Lack of employee motivation often creates an employee engagement gap as employees do not experience the passion and enthusiasm to put in their best efforts and contribute towards organizational success. Organizations that face employee engagement gap often realize that the prime reason behind the issue is employees who are not effectively motivated and do not feel connected to their roles and the organization(Bridger, 2014). An analysis of different motivational theories can help understanding the relationship between motivation and employee engagement and how application of these theories can help increase employee engagement within the organization. Motivational Theories Employee motivation has been a serious concern for employers since ages and has attracted scholarly and professional attention since beginning(Frey Osterloh, 2013). Several motivational theories have been developed to facilitate employers achieve desired level of employee motivation which in turn helps increasing employee engagement and commitment towards the work and the organization. The most widely accepted and recognized theories of motivation are Maslows needs hierarchy theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene factors theory and the Job characteristics theory(Herzberg, et al., 2011). These three theories of motivation are analysed to determine the role of motion in increasing employee engagement. The employees are the assets of an organization, and hence there is a direct relation between employee motivation and increased productivity. Each employee of an organization should be sufficiently motivated, so that they can complete their individual task with a higher level of dedication and enthusiasm. There is a variety of employee motivation theories, some of which are discussed below: Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory Developed by Abraham H. Maslow, the need hierarchy theory of motivation is the most preferred theory of motivation used by organizations across the globe. As per this theory of motivation, humans possess a group if needs that are exceptionally strong and complex in nature and can be arranged hierarchically in the form of a pyramid(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). This motivation theory is based on few assumptions such as, one a need is satisfied it loses its motivational power, the network of needs is highly complex and human behavior can be influenced by several needs at a specific time, it is important to satisfy lower level needs first before higher level needs are activated else it create a need gap and the number of ways in which higher level needs can be satisfied is greater than number of ways in which lower level needs can be satisfied(Jr, 2005). Maslows need hierarchy models divided different types of individual needs into five broad categories namely, physiological, secur ity, affiliation, esteem and self-actualization. These five types of need are arranged in a hierarchical pyramid with the lowest level need being at the base and highest level need at the top as shown in figure below. Maslows Need Hierarchy Model Fig.1. Source: Made by Student (2016), Adopted: Hellriegel John W. Slocum (2011) Physiological needs represent human basic needs for food, water, air and shelter(Fox, 2007). These are the lowest level needs and individuals who are looking forward to satisfy these needs will not be concerned about the content of work they will be doing. Employers who focus on satisfying these needs to motivate their employees assume that money is the primary source of motivation for all employees(Bridger, 2014). As employees at this stage of motivation are not concerned about the job they are doing they donot feel connected to it. Merely staisfying these needs cannot help employers achieve desired level of employee engagement. Employees are aware that the work they are doing can be performed by anyone as no specilised skills and expertise are required to perform them. They donot experience a sense of meaningfulness and importance and thus lack engagement(Herzberg, et al., 2011). Mcdonalds for example aims at satisfying only physiological needs of their entery level employees as th e work given to them requires no specilisation and can be performed by anyone. Students and freshers are motivated to take these jobs to satisfy their basic needs but they lack engagement owing to which the organisation faces high absenteesim and employee turnover at these ranks. Contrary to this Hersheys encourage wellness activities among employees by offering insurance rebates for employees who prefer a healthy lifestyle. Thus, in a way ensuring that employee are motivated and experience a sense of engagement with the work they are doing. Secrity needs represents human need for stability, safety and absence of pain or illness(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Once the physiological needs are satisfied people are motivated by security needs and perceive these needs as defences against loss of physiological needs. During economic downturn or other financial crisis organisations look to downsizing as the only way of safegaurding their existance, these kind sog activities create a threat in the minds of employees that they might lose their jobs(Hughes Rog, 2008). Organisations such as Starbucks offer life, health and disability insurance to their employees to promote a sense of security and well-being which in turn leads to increased employee motivation and engagement. Affiliation needs represents human need for a feeling of belonging, friendship and love. These needs emerge after the two lower level needs are satisfied. Individuals who are motivated by affiliation needs perceive their work as a means of developing strong interpersonal relationships. Employers can satisfy affiliation needs of their employees by being supportive and organising different team building activities such as cultural events, sports programs, company celebrations, outings etc. Employees feel motivated as they get ample opportunities to establish interpersonal relationships and they are effectively engaged as they feel they are being part of something important. Employee motivation in this case leads to increased employee engagement. Organisations such as Starbucks organise various volunteering programs which support their employee to satisfy affiliation needs and experience a sense of connection with the organistaion. Esteem needs represent human need for recognition, self-worth, respect and achievement(Carbonara, 2012). Employee who strive to satisfy their esteem needs look for jobs that are challenging and require specilised skills and expertise. They want people to appreciate and respect them for the work they are performing. They want people to know that they are important for the organisation and are contributing towards organisational goals. Employers need reward and recognition programs to satisfy the esteem needs of their employees. It is important to ensure that the job content is good and appears challenging and important to employees(Kaliannan Adjovu, 2015). Organisations such as BMW rewards their top performers monthly and organises a grand annual event to reward the best performer of the year. With such reward and recognition programs they motivate their employees to deliver high performance. Employees ensure that they perform all their tasks with passion and endeavour and deliver re sults which can satisfy their esteem needs. Self-actualisation need represent human needs for realising their full potential and becoming what they always wanted to be(Markos Sridevi, 2010). This is the highest level need and it gains its motivational power once all the lower level needs are satisfied. Employee in this state looks for job that gives them decision making power and enhances their problem solving abilities. Employers should involve such employees in the process of decision making, people managemnet, job designing and implementing strategies. When these needs of employees are satisfied they show high level of engagement and commitment towards their work and the organisation. Employee at this stage experience that achieving organisational goals is their purpose and they develop a connection with the organisation and its people(Miner, 2005). Organisations such Starbucks ensure that leaders are given enough power to make important decisions for the organisation and its people. Under the effective leadership of Howar d Schultz, Starbucks has achieved remarkable success across the globe as he had ample opportunity to satisfy his self-actualisation needs and achieveing companys goals was his mision. Herzbergs Motivation Theory: Herzberg had proposed the Two Factor theory. According to the psychologist, Herzberg the increment in salary, compensation benefits, great working condition or even good relationship with colleagues in themselves, do not serve to motivate the employees. However, Herzberg claims that the moment these factors are absent, the employees start feeling discontent with their work situations, and hence these factors are considered to be the hygiene factors. On the other hand, career growth opportunity, challenging work, greater recognition is the motivation factors (Miner 2015). According to Herzberg, an organization usually aims at reducing the factors that dissatisfy the employees, and increasing the factors that keep them content. Herzberg claims, offering attractive salary or other benefit to the employee, may remove dissatisfaction and bring peace, but may not leave the employee satisfied. Hence, what is needed is to satisfy and motivate the employees, by introducing more challenging ta sks, assigning specialized task to an employee or allowing the employee to work in a neutral unit, so that he can enjoy a sense of growth and fulfillment. Herzberg claimed that an organization, instead of reducing the dissatisfaction of its employees, should focus more on increasing the job enrichment of the employees (Smith and Shields 2013). Achievement Motivation Theory: According to the Achievement Motivation Theory, an employee needs to achieve, and enjoy accomplishment, while working in an organization. In case an employee is not able to feel a sense of accomplishment at his workplace, he will start losing his interest and enthusiasm to work more. This in turn will reduce his productivity and work efficiency, ultimately bringing huge loss to the organization. Hence, this theory upholds that it is important for an organization to provide opportunities for personal drive to each of the employees, so that he must feel the urge of striving and toiling more. According to David McClelland, the chief proponent of this theory, there are three principal needs, the fulfillment of which can motivate an employee, and these are as follows: Need for achievement Need for affiliation Need for power (Schunk et al. 2012) Each individual employee aspires to be promoted to an influential position, and they would work hard if they have a chance of getting promoted to a position where they can control and influence others. Hence, it is important to offer promotional opportunities to the employees. Undoubtedly, it is not expected that an organization will keep on promoting an employee, yet it is the duty of an organization to render a sense of personal accomplishment to its employees. It should be noted that it is not sufficient to promote a deserving employee to a higher designation, offering him recognition and appraisal is equally important. The employees derive a sense of fulfillment when his performance is evaluated, and reviewed and praised by the organization. This in turn helps to motivate and encourage the employees to work more productively next time (Heckhausen 2013). Expectancy Theory: According to the expectancy theory, an employee will work hard and with greater enthusiasm as well as dedication, only if he believes that his efforts will be rewarded by the organization. However, the reward he will be receiving for the successful completion of a task, must comply with his expectation. Vroom, the exponent of this theory, claimed that the theory has three important components, which are: 1. Expectancy 2. Instrumentality 3. Valence (Renko et al. 2012) An employee will work harder, and put greater efforts only if he believes that his hard work and labor will be rewarded by the organization. Once the individual has been able to achieve the goals and objectives, he must be able to enjoy the instrumental outcomes, in the form of increment of salary, compensation fees, bonus or incentives. Next, it is not merely sufficient to offer reward to the employees, but it is equally important that the employee places great value on the reward he is going to receive, after the accomplishment of his task. Hence, the management of an organization must ensure that the organization is offering incentives as well as rewards to the employees that are meeting his expectations. For instance, suppose an employee is already enjoying a huge amount of salary, and as such it is meaningless to offer him bonus. On the contrary, offering him a holiday package may come up as a more alluring offer to the employee, and it may inspire him to increase his productivi ty and workplace efficiency (Estes and Polnick, 2012). Goal Setting Theory: The goal-setting theory of employee motivation is another very important theory upheld by Edwin Locke, which claims that goal setting activities, and employee motivation is closely related to each other. An employee feels motivated only when he has a set of goals and objectives that he aspires to achieve. Hence, it is the duty of the leader or the manager to keep on providing challenging yet achievable goals to the employees, so that the achievement of the same can lead to the creation of employee satisfaction. However, it is also important for the management authority to ensure that the goals are realistic to achieve, otherwise setting unrealistic goals will lead to a sense of inferiority among the employees. In case a goal is set, the employees feel motivated towards the accomplishment of the goal, and they will not the leave the work unless the goal is achieved. However, it is not sufficient to set a goal, as it is important to ensure that the goal is being stated and explained cl early to the employees, and the individual goal of an individual employee must be set in accordance with his individual skill and competence( Locke and Latham 2013). Conclusion Employee motivation and engagement is a serious concern for organisations that are struggling hard to safeguard their existence in todays fiercely competitive and dynamic business environment. An analysis of the three most widely used theories of motivation support the fact that high employee motivation results in increased employee engagement. Motivation is the inward force that encourage employee to engage in their jobs and deliver high performance. 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